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In the strictest sense, any of a large group of chemicals derived from petroleum and natural gas and used for a variety of commercial purposes. The definition, however, has been broadened to include the whole range of aliphatic, aromatic, and naphthenic organic chemicals, as well as carbon black and such inorganic materials as sulfur and ammonia. Products made from petrochemicals include such items as plastics, soaps and detergents, solvents, drugs, fertilizers, pesticides, explosives, synthetic fibres and rubbers, paints, epoxy resins, and flooring and insulating materials. Petrochemicals are found in products as diverse as aspirin, luggage, boats, automobiles, aircraft, polyester clothes, and recording discs and tapes.
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The various components of petroleum used as raw materials in the production of other chemicals are known as feedstocks. Petrochemical feedstock can be classified into three general groups: olefins, aromatics, and inorganics. Olefins, include ethylene, propylene, and butadiene. Ethylene is the hydrocarbon feedstock used in greatest volume in the petrochemical industry. From ethylene, for example polyethylene, used in film and plastics; styrene, used in resins, synthetic rubber, plastics, and polyesters; and ethylene dichloride, for vinyl chloride, used in plastics and fibres. Propylene is used in making such products as acrylics, rubbing alcohol, epoxy glue, and carpets. Butadiene is used in making synthetic rubber, carpet fibres, paper coatings, and plastic pipes.
Polymers: A highly significant proportion of these basic petrochemicals is converted into plastics, synthetic rubbers, and synthetic fibres. Together these materials are known as polymers, because their molecules are high-molecular-weight compounds made up of repeated structural units that have combined chemically. The major products are polyethylene and polystyrene, all derived from ethylene, and polypropylene, derived from monomer propylene.
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